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In addition, the mms21Δ /Δ mutant displayed sensitivity to cell wall and thermal stresses, and to different antifungal drugs.

The Mms21-deleted mutants were unable to recover from DNA-damaging agents like methyl methane sulfonate, hydroxyurea, hydrogen peroxide, and UV radiation, suggesting that the protein is important for genotoxic stress responses. Transcriptional analysis of mms21Δ /Δ showed an increase in expression from two- to eightfold above that of the wild-type for hyphal-specific genes, including ECE1, PGA13, PGA26, HWP1, ALS1, ALS3, SOD4, SOD5, UME6, and HGC1. Both Mms21 nulls ( mms21Δ /Δ) and SP domain (SUMO E3 ligase domain)-deleted mutants displayed invasiveness, filamentation, and abnormal nuclear segregation filament formation occurred even in the absence of the hyphal transcription factor Efg1. Intriguingly, the genes encoding the small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) E3 ligase Mms21, and all other tested members of the sumoylation pathway, were both nonessential and capable of triggering filamentation upon repression, suggesting an important role for sumoylation in controlling filamentation in C.

Here, we have used the Gene Replacement And Conditional Expression library to identify genes controlling invasiveness and filamentation conditional repression of the library revealed 69 mutants that triggered these processes.

In the life cycle of the fungal pathogen Candida albicans, the formation of filamentous cells is a differentiation process that is critically involved in host tissue invasion, and in adaptation to host cell and environmental stresses.

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